Sequencing the Out-of-AFRICA migration has the unique opportunity of reconciling the linguistic and human migration to the rest of the world.
There is a gross misinformation or misplaced assumption that the Ethiopian linguistic diversity stems from language groups arriving to Ethiopia instead of stemming from Ethiopia as the human fossil remains indicate both diversity and age over time.
There is some consistent Eurocentric perspective of language and culture arrival to Ethiopia instead of originating and spreading from Ethiopia.
The research and reality shows that culture, language and civilizations spread out of Africa from Ethiopia. Even the scientists cannot see this reality with such overwhelming evidence.
Why does it take so Long for Wellcome Trust Institute or the Associate Ethiopian Scientists to explore this natural hypothesis. How long can we ignore science and reality to entertain some out of sink ideiology that civilization did not migrate out of Africa.
Please read this gross scientific reality being continuously misread even when the gene sequencing begins in Ethiopia, at such late stage
with regards and seeking alterative and creative perspectives; I remain;
Belai Habte-Jesus, MD, MPH
www.GlobalBelaiJesus.com
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Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (Hinxton)
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Ethiopia: Genomics and African Queens
21 JUNE 2012
The diverse Genetic heritage of Ethiopians. Researchers have started to unveil the genetic heritage of Ethiopian populations, who are among the most diverse in the world, and lie at the gateway from Africa. They found that the genomes of some Ethiopian populations bear striking similarities to those of populations in Israel and Syria, a potential genetic legacy of the Queen of Sheba and her companions.
The Queen of Sheba legacy. The team detected mixing between some Ethiopians and non-African populations dating to approximately 3,000 years ago. The origin and date of this genomic admixture, along with previous linguistic studies, is consistent with the legend of the Queen of Sheba, who according to the Ethiopian Kebra Nagast book had a child with King Solomon from Israel and is mentioned in both the Bible and the Qur'an.
The Out of Africa Gateway! Ethiopia is situated in the horn of Africa, and has often been regarded as one of the gateways from Africa to the rest of the world.
Population genetics and the longest fossil record. The Ethiopian region itself has the longest fossil record of human history anywhere in the world. Studying population genetics within this diverse region could help us to understand the origin of the first humans.
Out of Africa Migration 60,000 years ago. "From their geographic location, it is logical to think that migration out of Africa 60,000 years ago began in either Ethiopia or Egypt. Little was previously known about the populations inhabiting the North-East African region from a genomic perspective.
Genomic study on Ethiopians. This is the first genome study on a representative panel of Ethiopian populations," explains Luca Pagani, first author from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and the University of Cambridge. "We wanted to compare the genome of Ethiopians with other Africans to provide an essential piece to the African - and world - genetic jigsaw."
Ethiopian genome not as ancient as expected! They found that the Ethiopian genome is not as ancient as was previously thought and less ancient than the genomes of some Southern African populations. There were also links with other populations.
Home to Africa and Middle East genomes. "We found that some Ethiopians have 40-50% of their genome closer to the genomes of populations outside of Africa, while the remaining half of their genome is closer to populations within the African continent," says Dr Toomas Kivisild, co-author from the University of Cambridge. "We calculated genetic distances and found that these non-African regions of the genome are closest to populations in Egypt, Israel and Syria, rather than to the neighbouring Yemeni and Arabs".
The Bete-Israel and Moses Connection! The team found that these two groups of African and non-African people mixed approximately 3,000 years ago, well before the historically-documented Islamic expansions and the colonial period of the last centuries.
What if the non African genome started in Ethiopia? An earlier study found that Ethio-Semitic, an Ethiopian language belonging to a linguistic family primarily spoken in the Middle East, split from the main Semitic group 3,000 years ago, around the same time as the non-African genomic component arrived in Ethiopia.
The Queen went to Israel, Out of Africa. All this evidence combined fits the time and locations of the legend of the Queen of Sheba, which describes the encounter of the Ethiopian Queen and King Solomon.
Human evolution and personalized medicine. "None of this research would have been possible without the superb fieldwork of our Ethiopian colleagues Professor Endashaw Bekele and Dr Ayele Tarekegn over many years. The outstanding genetic diversity present within the peoples of Ethiopia is a rich resource that will contribute greatly, both to our understanding of human evolution and the development of personalised medicine." says Dr Neil Bradman, co-lead author from UCL (University College London). "The Ethiopian Government has a practice of encouraging genetic research, a policy that bodes well for the future".
Rich culture and genetic diversity due to historical and pre-historic connections. "Our research gives insights into important evolutionary questions," says Dr Chris Tyler-Smith, co-lead author from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. "We see imprints of historical events on top of much more ancient prehistoric ones that together create a region of rich culture and genetic diversity.
Sequencing the Out-of-Africa migration. The next step for our research has to be to sequence the entire genomes, rather than read individual letters, of both Ethiopian people and others to really understand human origins and the out-of-Africa migration."
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